Fraunhofer 2 / 19 magazine special issue The story of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft From beacon of hope to innovation engine

EDITORIAL - 3 Foreword Our Basic Law has been in place for 70 years. For those 70 years, it has guaranteed the freedom of science in Germany. And the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft has known how to put this freedom to good use for 70 years – for the benefi t of all society. From mp3 and LED technology to artifi cial cartilage, Fraunhofer stands for revolutionary inventions that make our lives easier. The former pioneer of applied research has grown to become Europe’s largest organization for applied research. Its impact extends far beyond the direct benefi t it brings to customers: The Fraunhofer Institutes’ research and development efforts contribute to the competitiveness of the region, Germany and Europe. With its clear focus on key future-minded technologies, Fraunhofer is a protagonist of the innovation process in Germany and Europe. Fraunhofer has become an engine of innovation for our economy. And it is this great capacity for innovation that makes our economy such a powerhouse, the fourth strongest in the world. Long may this continue. I hope the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft will carry on exploring new avenues to ensure that research outcomes and new technologies reach the industry and society, quickly and effi ciently. I look forward to many more results from the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s research and development efforts; results that will benefi t mankind and secure Germany’s position as a hub of business. On this 70th anniversary, I wish Fraunhofer brilliant new ideas, an intrepid spirit of scientifi c inquiry and a feel for the next breakthrough innovation. Anja Karliczek Member of the German Bundestag Federal Minister of Education and Research

CONTENT - 5 48 2002 -– 2012 Innovation offensive and research on behalf of the future Innovation has become synonymous with a company’s ability to survive. Fraunhofer identifi es perspectives for new future markets. 70 70 years of Fraunhofer 70 years of future Fraunhofer looks back at its achievements so far and, above all else, looks forward. 2002 2019 1993 38 1993 -– 2002 Innovation drivers and internationalization Increasing income in a sustainable manner returns to the agenda. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s profi le is honed. The process of becoming more international begins. 2012 58 2012 –– 2019 Scientifi c excellence and springboard innovations With the declared intention to continue growing in a controlled and sustainable manner and to identify new areas and markets, Reimund Neugebauer takes offi ce as president of the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft.

NEW START AND HURDLES - 7 The early days were arduous for the fledgling Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, with established science organizations and government regulations making life difficult for its researchers. In the post-war years, Germany’s public funding was earmarked mainly for fundamental research. Applied research started to gain traction in Germany in the early 1950’s when the wave of market-centric contract research in the USA spilled over to Europe. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft began to look beyond fund-raising to support its research projects. And when it set up institutes of its own, it cemented its foothold in Germany’s science community. On Saturday, March 26, 1949, 210 scientists, businesspeople and politi- cians gathered in the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs’ conference hall at the invitation of State Secretary Hugo Geiger. They were there to witness the founding of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der ange- wandten Forschung e. V. (Fraunhofer society for the promotion of applied research). This was a matter of urgency for Geiger who felt that “there has been a lack of support for applied research by way of a direct and permanent link between business and science.” The Nazis, the war and the ensuing devastation had taken a toll on science. Thousands of scientists and engineers emigrated after the war. Germany had forfeited its lead in many areas of science and technology. This gap had opened up for a lack of qualified scientists, but not only for that. Governmental restrictions also stifled industry-centered research – particularly developments with potential military applications. The vigilant scrutiny of a scientific research monitoring unit at the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs and other watchdog organizations made sure of that. The expectations of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s founding fathers diverged. While Hugo Geiger hoped it would drive the industrialization of Bavaria, at that time still a bit of a business backwater, others had but one concern – they sought to exploit local mineral resources, particularly ura- nium. Even at this early stage, still other founding members were already dreaming of a major nationwide research enterprise. The renowned nuclear physicist and Munich University rector Walther Gerlach was elected president and Hugo Geiger chairman of the senate. The opening ceremony was followed by the laying of a wreath at the Maximilianstrasse memorial to the organization’s namesake Joseph von Fraunhofer and a meal at the Spatenhaus, paid for with food stamps. That currency of post-war rationing would remain in use until the spring of 1950 to manage the food shortage. “ In fact, the finan cial situation of the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft was more than precarious in 1954; the executive board and the senate had to address the issue of liquidation.” August Epp, Secretary General

NEW START AND HURDLES - 9 Blue-and-white Bavarian exceptionalism Despite all its efforts, this new society was for a number of years unable to shed its regional skin. For many, it was the odd one out, Bavarian ex ceptionalism draped in a blue-and-white banner. Other science or- ganizations’ attitudes toward it bordered on hostility. The Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft was made to fight hard for its raison d’être in the early years. Many scientists scorned applied science, the accusation being that it was not proper research; its reputation left in tatters by the Nazis. Shrinking from the tentacles of political influence and pinning their hopes on the ideal of autonomous science freed from any partic- ular purpose, these scientists retreated into fundamental research. The struggle to find its place in the German research ecosystem culminated in 1951 with President Gerlach’s attempt to dissolve the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft or merge it into the German Research Foundation (DFG). After Gerlach’s forced resignation, the influential industrialist Wilhelm Roelen was elected president and the former Weimar Reich Chancellor Hans Luther was elected chairman of the senate. Helmuth Trischler, a historian specializing in technology, believes this is when the organiza- tion changed its course: “When a North Rhine-Westphalian manager of heavy industry replaced a fundamental researcher at the helm of Fraunhofer, it was a staff shakeup that would steer the organization towards an industrial application-oriented outlook.” But the scratching for survival continued until 1955. The Stifterverband, a donors’ association for the promotion of sciences and humanities in Germany, and the German Research Foundation took a dim view of the young Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. It was a thorn in the side of the Stifterverband – it dared to compete for grants from the industry. The DFG presumed to be the definitive funding organization for all German research, including Bavarian efforts. Both repeatedly sought to dissolve their upstart rival, or at least see it absorbed into the DFG. The Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft would later receive donations from the Stifterverband only because it refrained from soliciting industry grants. In the early years, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was mainly concerned with collecting and conveying money to individual researchers and laboratories. It received grants from the Bavarian government, and starting in 1951, funds from the USA’s European Recovery Program, the famous Marshall Plan. This was a milestone achievement for Fraunhofer’s management. Policymakers had begun to recognize the organization as the face of applied research. Only very few even dreamt of a large, nationwide research association. Pioneering spirit. On June 1, 1954, the institute for applied microscopy, photography and cinematography in Mannheim opens its doors. 1954

NEW START AND HURDLES - 11 1964: Fraunhofer is positioned as the key organiza- tion for applied research in the German national innovation system. Hugo Geiger Geiger, a teacher by training, was employed by the life insurance company Allianz from 1929 to 1946, where he worked his way up to the board. After the war, he entered politics as a member of the CSU, the center-right Christian democrats. Before the year 1945 was out, he had a seat in Bavaria’s constituent state assembly. State Secretary in the Bavarian Ministry of Economic Affairs from 1947 to 1950, he also sat in the state parliament from 1950 to 1953 and in the German Bundestag from 1953 to 1961. From rag picker to third pillar The overhaul of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was largely orchestrated by Emil Sörensen, newly elected chairman of the senate in 1954, and vice president Albert Maucher. The newly elected president was Hermann von Siemens, a grandson of Werner von Siemens, the famed inventor and founder of the Siemens Group. That eminent name added luster to the organization’s growing reputation. The first Fraunhofer Institute – the Institute for Applied Microscopy, Photography and Cinematography IMPK – was founded in Mannheim in 1954 with a workforce of seven. One reason why it ended up in Baden- Württemberg was the close collaboration with the state’s government. The other was Battelle’s decision to set up its German subsidiary in Frankfurt in the state of Hessen rather than in Stuttgart. Baden-Württem - berg was determined to fill that vacancy. This twist of fate soon proved to be a stroke of luck. Management realized that with institutes of its own, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft would be firmly planted and not so easily uprooted from the research field. Fraunhofer negotiated with several states to set up further institutes. In a flurry of activity, it founded the Fraunhofer Institutes for Hygiene and Bacteriological Work Procedures (1956 in Munich) and for Xylolite Research (1956 in Bonn), followed by the Institute for Electrical Materials (1957 in Freiburg). It was around this time that the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft forged an alliance with the Federal Ministry of Defence, recently established in 1955. It pro vided support for four defense research institutes. This steady income enabled it to pursue its campaign to establish further civilian institutes. In 1959, ten years after its inception, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft already had nine institutes of its own, 135 employees and a budget of 3.6 million German marks. It continued on course for expansion in the ensuing years. In those days, there were many research groups and labs on a shaky fi- nancial footing, and Fraunhofer looked to be a rock-solid fortress for their scientific pursuits. With this forward-looking strategy, the upstart presented the research community with a fait accompli that even the politically influential Science Council could not ignore in its proposals to restructure Germany’s research ecosystem. Despite strong reservations, in October 1964 it grudgingly recommended that the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft be upgraded to the um- brella organization for applied research that the national innovation system had been lacking, but not without demanding fundamental changes. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft had sought to be recognized and funded as the third pillar of German research alongside the Max Planck Society and the universities sponsored by the DFG.

1949 NEW START AND HURDLES - 13 The newly established republic: Reconstruc- tion dominates the post- war years. How the new knowledge landscape is to be organized is slow to emerge. Since the mid 1950’s, the economic miracle has improved the market situation for Fraunhofer too. Cover picture on the founding day: On March 26, the news magazine appears with a cover story about the vote for “Miss Wiesbaden”. 1949 Unhindered ride for the economy: From 1948 to 1952, the “Marshall Plan” brings loans, raw materials, food and commodities from the USA to Germany and Western Europe. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft also benefits from the American contributions. 1955 1961 A question of security: On May 6, 1955, the Federal Republic joins the western military alliance NATO. The purpose of the defense alliance is to protect western democracy from a Soviet attack. The Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft enters into close cooperation with the Federal Defence Ministry, which drives forward defense research in the newly established republic. Scene from the cold war: Between 1961 and 1990, Checkpoint Charlie, probably Berlin’s most famous border crossing, connects the Soviet and American sectors.

CONFLICTS, THE REBUILD AND THE INVENTION OF THE FRAUNHOFER MODEL - 15 In 1970, the commission to further the expansion of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft tabled various recommendations, including the creation of new institutes along with a reorganization of its structure and reformulation of its scientific purpose. That very same year, a “joint commission” was created. Its brief was to formulate a wide-ranging program of restructuring and expansion at the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. This resulted in the so-called Fraunhofer model, which, among other things, placed base funding on a performance-related footing. This model was the key to a period of unprecedented growth at the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft -– so much so, in fact, that Fraunhofer became a beacon for the whole of the German economy. In 1968, students demonstrated for reforms, better studying conditions and a democratization of academic life. In late 1968, Federal Research Minister Gerhard Stoltenberg set up a commission to further the expansion of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. It comprised 15 members from science and politics, including five Fraunhofer representatives. Its sole purpose was to examine which of the existing institutes should be incorporated in the new structure and which new ones should be created. Ultimately, however, it ended up drafting a completely new concept regarding Fraunhofer’s future structure and scientific mission. The question then was how best to implement the commission’s wide-ranging recommendations. Although Stoltenberg and his ministry had already assumed responsibility for the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, the newly appointed science minister, Hans Leussink, craved even more influence. On November 11, 1970, in what can only be described as a coup, Leussink called for the establish- ment of a joint commission involving the Federal Ministry of Science and the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Chaired by Max Scheidwimmer, a senior civil servant, the commission was to be charged with developing a wide-rang- ing program of restructuring. At the same time, Scheidwimmer was to be appointed to the Fraunhofer board, where he would represent the interests of the science ministry. Leussink had chaired the German Council of Science and Humanities from 1965 to 1969 and was known to have serious misgivings regarding Fraunhofer. This attack upon the autonomy of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was met with protest from many sides – not only in Fraunhofer’s Munich headquarters. There was widespread outrage in the scientific community. And the state governments of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, who had both contributed substantial funds to help Fraunhofer through various financial crises, felt they were being edged out of “their” Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Given the strength of reaction, the agreement was watered down. At the end of that year, and following a hefty debate, the Fraunhofer senate gave its approval. The joint commission had eight members: four representatives from Fraunhofer and four from the government ministries. They faced an immense task that was scheduled for completion by the end of 1972: to draw up new plans covering research, expansion, finance and reorganization; to draw up a new constitution as well as general rules and regulations for the institutes; and to produce reports on em ployee codetermination, on the expansion, on the reorganization of headquarters and on the employee remuneration system.

CONFLICTS, THE REBUILD AND THE INVENTION OF THE FRAUNHOFER MODEL - 17 “ There is no better illus- tration of Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft’s increasing adoption of corporate-like structures than its shift from a largely honorary board with numerous members to a full-time executive board comprising three members with clearly defined areas of responsibility.” Prof. Dr. Helmuth Trischler The Fraunhofer model The joint commission had established a planning committee for research and expansion. Max Syrbe, who after many years in industry was now director of the Institute for Information Processing in Technology and Biology IITB, had acquired some experience of research planning during his time as a member of the Fraunhofer senate. Syrbe was therefore able to produce a rough draft, more or less unassisted, which then served as a basis for further consultation. In February 1972, he was joined by Helmar Krupp, who had played a key role at Fraunhofer’s major rival and role model, Battelle. Krupp was now in charge of setting up the pioneering Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI, which was to serve as a kind of think tank for Fraunhofer’s new innovation strategy. Finally, the two were assisted in their efforts by Klaus Schroeter, the newly appointed planning consultant. In mid-1972, the team presented its draft plan for research, organization, expansion and finance. At almost 100 pages in length, its concept departed substantially from the core idea of the expansion commission, which advocated a guaranteed budget as a means of strengthening applied research. According to Trischler, the draft plan landed “like a bombshell.” The reverberations were immense. After all, the new concept marked a complete departure from standard thinking among institute management. It proposed dividing an institute’s research activities into in-house, frame- work and contract research, with framework and contract research making up two-thirds of an institute’s total activities. In other words, an institute would be forced to earn two-thirds of its own budget. Equally revolu- tionary was the proposal regarding the allocation of funding, since it departed entirely from customary procedure: the idea was that base funding should increase in direct proportion to growth in income from contract and framework research. Indeed, the very idea that institutes should focus on market-oriented, contract research prompted protest from many institute directors, not least those working in areas hitherto far removed from any commercial interest. Without further ado, six institute directors drafted an alternative plan based closely on the recommendations of the expansion commission. They advocated greater diversity in research focus among the various institutes. This in turn prompted the chair of the STC to resign in pro- test at a lack of consultation.

CONFLICTS, THE REBUILD AND THE INVENTION OF THE FRAUNHOFER MODEL - 19 staff, the successful ones would now grow, while the less successful had to tighten their belts. To this day, the model remains a supremely effective planning instrument that enforces continuous adjustment to emerging markets, thereby encouraging institutes to remain efficient. Ultimately, it was a blessing that the relation between base funding and contract research was never fixed in detail. As things stand, it can be adjusted to accommodate changed circumstances in science, industry or government. The original proposal was to test the model over a period of five years and then to scrutinize it again every five years. The ability to adjust both the structure and the purpose of each institute became a fundamental part of Fraunhofer’s new identity. Growth and the new constitution It would be another two years before agreement was achieved on all the details of the Fraunhofer model. In their enthusiasm for market-oriented research, government ministries harbored completely unrealistic expecta- tions regarding contract research. Inspired by the example of Battelle, they thought that contract research would enable Fraunhofer to cover not only a large part of its budget but also any new investment and the costs of its headquarters. It took a lot of hard lobbying before Fraunhofer was able to persuade the ministries to adopt a more realistic approach. In 1974, the institutes were able to cover, on average, 54 percent of their own bud- getary requirements. The idea of increasing this beyond 60 percent was therefore extremely ambitious. These arguments fed into the framework agreement on research funding that was adopted at the end of 1975. Given the uncertain outlook at the time of reorganization, Fraunhofer had been hesitant about pushing ahead with the planned expansion. Its caution proved well founded. At that time, a whole succession of scientific bodies were proposed as potential Fraunhofer Institutes. Yet not all them were of the requisite quality or active in a relevant field of research. In fact, in response to the recommendations of the expansion commission, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft added a mere ten institutes between 1969 and 1974, thereby increasing the total number of institutes to 27. The new constitution of 1972 mandated an executive board compris- ing three members with clearly defined areas of responsibility: a presi- dent with responsibility for research policy, a board member for legal affairs, and another board member for commercial affairs. In September 1971, Otto Mohr, at the time honorary president, was made executive president. This was during the period of reorganization, and Mohr was regarded as an interim appointment. The following year, the senate therefore began the search for a new president. The inaugural board member for legal affairs was Max Scheidwimmer, who had established a solid reputation as chair of the joint commission and was regarded as an ideal candidate. However, he soon announced his intention to return to state politics in Saarbrücken, so the search began for a replacement. Once again, the Federal Ministry of Research and Technology (BMFT) prevailed, and its preferred candidate, Eberhard Schlephorst, became the new board member for legal affairs and human resources. Former secretary general August Epp, who had acted as manager director under the honorary president, was appointed executive board member for commercial affairs. The only person missing was a new president. “ My time at Fraunhofer began in 1966 as a member of the senate; back then, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was very much the grubby urchin of the science community.” Prof. Dr. Max Syrbe

CONFLICTS, THE REBUILD AND THE INVENTION OF THE FRAUNHOFER MODEL - 21 1969 Societal transformation intersected with techno logy optimism in the 60’s and 70’s. Suddenly, the impossible seemed probable. 1970 Convincing political gesture in the spirit of recon- ciliation: Willy Brandt was later awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his expression of humility. 1972 New territory: On July 16, 1969, 500 million people follow Neil Armstrong’s first step on the moon. Technical progress appears to be unstoppable. Precisely quantified: East Germany’s Monika Zehrt (left) is 0.13 seconds faster at the Olympic Games than Rita Wilden from the Federal Republic and takes gold. In the same year, Casio launches the first pocket calculator for consumers. 1974 With her book “Little Difference”, Alice Schwarzer makes women’s independence the commandment of the hour.

AWAKENING AND REVIVAL - 23 By 1974, the phase of reorganization at the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was complete. The time had therefore come to concentrate in earnest on attracting commercially oriented contract research. Everything now focused on research strategy: the institutes were trimmed in line with the major state funding programs, and every effort was made to improve how they marketed their research. The result was a period of unprecedented growth. The sense of a fresh start was already manifest in the way Fraunhofer approached the appointment of a full-time president. Given the new focus on commercially oriented research, it was the senate’s view, supported by institute management and the Federal Ministry of Research and Tech - nology (BMFT), that candidates should come with leadership experience in industry. Heinz Keller, board member of Vereinigte Deutsche Metall- werke, appeared the ideal choice. He had experience of research at both university and industry level, he was a senior executive at a major company, and he understood the importance of innovation to business success. He was excited by the challenge of reshaping the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft. Moreover, he had very good contacts in industry circles and fully intended to use them in order to secure new research contracts. By the time Keller took over the presidency in July 1974, the Munich headquarters had undergone extensive reorganization. The original headquarters was quite simply not fit for administering a large and efficient organization for contract research. Back in 1972, the decision had therefore been taken to expand and reorganize. Since then, a “plethora of high-quality posts” had been created. In 1973, the board of management staff, which for a while had been scattered across nine buildings in Munich, were reunited in rented premises on the Leonrod- straße. “There was a spirit of optimism, it was an exciting time! Our job was to create a new contract research establishment out of a bunch of disparate institutes,” recalls Alexander Imbusch, who arrived from Berlin to bolster the planning department, fresh from having completed his doctorate. Keller quickly got down to work, supported by his fellow board members and a reinvigorated headquarters. From the word go, Keller’s top priority was research strategy and planning. As a conse- quence, the newly created planning department came to play a cen tral role. This led to the creation of so-called research sections, which be came a highly effective planning instrument, with the institute liaison officers taking on a key management role. Keller soon increased the number of sections and trimmed Fraunhofer’s new research plan in line with the federal government’s technology program. When drawing up the new research plan, Keller was careful to consult with the institutes. To find out what kind of work they were doing, he organized briefings with institute management, grouped according to the newly created sections. The institute liaison officers were respon- sible for preparing meetings and for any subsequent debriefing. This revived old fears of a new hierarchy level between the executive board and the institute directors. Keller was careful to assuage these fears, however, with the result that the section briefings came to play a key role in research planning. Here, too, dialog proved the best way of improving the trust between headquarters and the institutes. The oil price shock causes a global economic crisis, unemployment rises. Fraunhofer takes a lead in the development of alternative energy technologies.

Unity from diversity The first task was to try and forge unity out of the diverse mix of old and new institutes. This almost failed at the first hurdle, when renowned establishments such as the Ernst-Mach-Institut or the Wilhelm-Klauditz- Institut insisted on retaining their original name. Yet the biggest prob lem of all was caused by an institute that didn’t even belong to the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft and still called itself the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Research. It was only in 1978, when it renamed itself the Kiepenheuer Institute for Solar Physics, that Fraunhofer was finally in a position to endow all of its institutes with the unitary name of “Fraunhofer Institute for...” In order to further strengthen the sense of identification with the organization, Keller inaugurated the annual Joseph von Fraunhofer Prize in 1978, which has rewarded research excellence ever since. The executive board and institute management soon realized that joint projects were the best way to promote a common identity. The test case for this was the reactor safety program, which involved a total of six Fraunhofer Institutes. Fraunhofer went on to launch a whole raft of programs in which a host of institutions took part. Perhaps the most important of all these was the one targeted at small and medium-sized enterprises. Keller was among the first to highlight the importance of this sector of industry and its role in generating innovation. In response to the economic crisis of the 1970’s and the increasing importance of the so-called technology gap, industrial policy underwent a paradigm shift, with research switching its attention to SMEs. This was in stark contrast to the state-run research programs of the 1960’s in atomic energy and aerospace, which were very much tailored to major companies. But this focus ultimately hampered innovation because it led to a neglect of other technologies. The new funding programs in medical technology, optics and measurement techniques were much better suited to the kind of work being done by SMEs. Analyses con- ducted by the BMFT revealed that in 1973 as much as 93 percent of state funding had gone to just 50 recipients, almost all of them major companies. Keller’s proposal to do more for small and medium-sized enterprises was therefore certain of a warm response. However, this strategy encroached upon the territory of the Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and the closely linked German Federation of Industrial Research Associations (AiF). The BMFT therefore had to undertake delicate negotia- tions before the Fraunhofer program was finally launched in July 1976. The path was now free for Fraunhofer Institutes to approach SMEs with attractive offers of contract research, with the state covering between 40 and 60 percent of the project costs. In the process, the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft acquired a major new customer base. Over half of such projects were with companies that had never worked with Fraunhofer before. Within six months, these contracts gave rise to a host of inno- vative pro ducts and processes. The list of projects in receipt of funding made for impressive reading. It highlighted the great social benefit of contract research and secured considerable prestige for Fraunhofer. During this period, it was thought that the best way of promoting inno- vation was to enable technology transfer by means of SMEs. AWAKENING AND REVIVAL - 25 Dr. Heinz Keller Keller studied chemistry and gained his doctorate in 1950. He served on the board of management of Vereinigte Deutsche Metallwerke AG until 1974 be- fore joining the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft as executive president, an office he held until 1983. Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in its modern form was established by him. With great skill and strategic vision, he implemented sweeping reforms that would improve efficiency and bring long- term growth. “ We had the freedom to be creative. At the time, there was nothing: no internal communication, none at all. Not even all of the institute directors knew one another!” Dr. Alexander Imbusch, research planner

AWAKENING AND REVIVAL - 27 A fresh breeze and new blood were to herald a new start. Yet, compared to other research establishments, Fraunhofer Institutes received an extremely low level of regional investment. On the one hand, the institutes generated a large portion of their budget them- selves; on the other, 90 percent of their base funding came from federal government. Meanwhile, Keller set about consolidating the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft. This meant ensuring that institutes concentrated on contract research and encouraging the less commercially oriented ones to redou- ble their efforts. In fact, during Keller’s period of office, five institutes were disbanded or divested because there was no demand for their research. Keller’s research strategy focused on two goals. Firstly, he wanted to expand contract research with industry; secondly, he wanted to capture a large slice of federal government’s major research funding programs. Keller hoped that industry and the state would each provide one-third of Fraunhofer’s research budget. In the beginning, however, three-quarters of all projects were funded with government money. He therefore had to ensure that institutes would profit not only from major programs that were already running but also from those that were just being launched. This was the only way, or so he thought, to acquire the volume of projects needed to place Fraunhofer on a stable path of growth. In other words, research planning for Keller was also about identifying and seizing new opportunities. There were two specific areas in which he saw great po tential for the less commercially oriented institutes to profit from contract research: medical technology and the humanization of work. The various strategic measures implemented during Keller’s reign were so successful that, by the end of the 1970’s, Fraunhofer entered a further phase of powerful expansion. The emergence of new key technologies, such as microelectronics, promised to create new markets for contract research. Conversion of sunlight In energy system scenarios, photovoltaics play a major role as central pillars of the future energy supply, besides wind energy. Thanks to technological progress, the cost of solar power has fallen 75 percent since 2006. In Germany, energy from photovoltaic power stations can be supplied for four to five euro cents per kilowatt hour. The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Europe’s largest solar research institute, has been contributing to this for years. The institute has been setting new efficiency records ever since it was founded. Since 2017, for example, it has held the world efficiency record for multi-crystalline silicon solar cells.

1974 AWAKENING AND REVIVAL - 29 The first oil price crisis in 1973 reverberates like a shock wave: Images of empty highways leave their mark in 1974, the FRG had to pay around 17 billion D-Mark more for imports than it had the year before. Partners with pioneering spirit: Paul Allen and Bill Gates found Microsoft in 1975. 1975 1979 In the “wild” 1970’s, computer technology develops at a rapid pace. The information era begins; the subject of “Limits of growth” is also high on the agenda. The first European carrier rocket ARIANE takes off on its maiden flight in French Guiana. In the years that followed, the ARIANE rockets carried numerous satellites into outer space – often on board: Fraunhofer technology.

GROWTH AND REUNIFICATION - 31 Following the vigorous economic growth at the end of the 1970’s, it was time for the new president, Max Syrbe, to consolidate. However, the dynamic success continued and the German reunification opened up unexpected opportunities for further expansion. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft seized the opportunity faster and with greater resolution than other research organizations and founded 21 new institutes and facilities in Germany’s new federal states. In the wake of the second oil crisis at the beginning of the 1980’s, the worst recession in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany began to unfold. The drastic economic crisis and shortage of funding forced policy makers to rethink. In 1982, following elections and the change in coalition partners in government, the appointment of the new Federal Research Minister Heinz Riesenhuber set off a change of strategy in the funding of research covered by the guideline “The state’s withdrawal from market and economy.” Due to this change in policy, the direct funding of research was further reduced. At the same time, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research withdrew from market-oriented research funding and instead stepped up the funding for basic research. Dark clouds appeared on the horizon of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Concurrently, there was a change in personnel at Fraunhofer. The term of office for President Keller, at age 65, expired at the end of 1982. Max Syrbe, who had already distinguished himself as the inventor of the Fraunhofer model, was considered the best candidate and was duly elected president on October 1, 1983. At the same time, the two board members Eberhard Schlephorst and Hans-Ulrich Wiese were confirmed in office for a further five years. Max Syrbe took office with the precept of consolidating the organiza- tion. Following the vigorous expansion of the prior years, the focus was now placed on qualitative growth. In order to reduce competition and interdisciplinary overlap, the institutes were tasked with clearly defin- ing their core areas of work. With the founding of the “Fraunhofer Group for Microelectronics” in April 1984, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft respon ded to the wishes of both industry and the government to avoid thematic overlaps and double investments. At first, however, it remained a loose association because the institute management insisted on its “statutory freedom.” Moreover, Max Syrbe’s wish for further alliances was not immediately fulfilled. Prof. Dr. Max Syrbe After completing his secondary education in Leipzig, he studied physics in Frankfurt and received his doctorate in control engineering in 1953. After 15 years of work experience in the industry as director at BBC Mannheim, he became head of the Institute for Vibration Research – later Fraunhofer Institute for Information Technology and Data Processing IITB – in 1968. He was elected to the Senate in 1966, from 1971 he was Deputy Chairman of the Scientific Technical Council, and together with Helmar Krupp he invented the Fraunhofer model, which became the basis of the modern Fraunhofer- Gesell schaft. He was elected president of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in 1983 and remained so until 1993. He was extra ordinarily committed to the founding of the Fraunhofer Institutes in the former East Germany.

“ During Max Syrbe’s era, GROWTH AND REUNIFICATION - 33 the name Fraunhofer fi nally established itself as a seal of quality for competence, excellence and high quality. Syrbe made research more efficient: He made sure that the Fraunhofer Institutes were managed like real companies.” Fraunhofer executive vice president for finances Hans-Ulrich Wiese succeeded in gaining support for a significant increase in investments for con- struction and equip- ment. He, too, had re cognised that the required increase in efficiency and quality could only be achieved with ideal working con- ditions. This also included new buildings with modern equipment and laboratories. Soon construction was carried out at all locations, especially in the regional centers of Stuttgart, Karlsruhe and Freiburg. The first institute center was established in Stuttgart, which was to combine up to six Fraunhofer Institutes in the immediate vicinity of the univer sity campus. Prof. Dr. Gerhardt Zeidler, Chairman of the Senate At the same time, however, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft had to live up to its claim of expanding into high-growth future technologies. Thus, Fraunhofer established new institutes for laser technology in Aachen, for graphic data processing in Darmstadt and for surface technology in Braunschweig. The key technology of microelectronics was further expanded in Erlangen and Berlin as well as in Itzehoe. In order to effectively accommodate new institutes, the Executive Board founded a Fraunhofer-Management-Gesellschaft in 1988 as a private-sector subsidiary. It should support institutes and establish- ments in research planning, project management and administration, and ultimately also sound out whether an institute was suitable for admission to the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. But before the various concepts could unfold their full effect, the fall of the wall between East and West Germany created obligations that no one had foreseen. Dr. Hans-Ulrich Wiese After studying and earning his doctorate, Hans-Ulrich Wiese joined the management of a medium-sized clothing manufactu rer. In 1974, he moved to the computer giant Nixdorf. From 1978 to 2002, he was Executive Vice President finances of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. His activities included business management, con- trolling, purchasing, building and admi- nistrative IT systems.

GROWTH AND REUNIFICATION - 35 1984 Dr. Alexander Imbusch After his studies and obtaining his doctorate in Berlin, he joined the planning department in 1973, became its head and then head of the research and communications department where he remained until 2006. For 33 years, he ensured a high degree of continuity in strategic research planning. His influence extended far beyond this function. He played a decisive role in the repositioning of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft from the very beginning and was responsible for the constant adaptation to the fast- growing future markets. New cutting and machining technologies: Fraunhofer strengthens Germany as an industrial location with technical innovations. When the German Science Council accepted the mandate to assess non-university research in the GDR in July 1990, the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft had already completed its evaluation in a first step and developed a concept. The study also progressed faster because the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, with its fields of research in natural sciences and engineering, was active in areas that were less burdened ideologically. In order to compensate for the necessarly preliminary examination of quality and market opportunities, the planned facilities were to be limited in time to three years and set up on a permanent basis only after a detailed evaluation. Syrbe was impressed by the strong commitment of those affected. “As our approach was very personal, the motivation in both East and West Germany was enormous. Some of those involved wanted to learn new things, others wanted to help,” he recalled. This leap of faith triggered a high level of motivation and initiative, which helped overcome the adversities. The willingness to help met a willingness to take personal responsibility. “The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft has been received with great respect, goodwill and trust,” recalls Reimund Neugebauer, now president of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and at the time instrumental in founding the Fraunhofer IWU in Chemnitz. “The reasons lay firstly in the fact that they had no reservations whatsoever, and secondly in the fact that they valued the high standards of technical training of the people on site.” 1993 Since its establishment in 1993, the Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM in Berlin can look back on a successful track record. Over 200 employees now carry out reserach and development work at the institute.

1983 The first portable cellphones still weigh an imposing 800 grams. In 1983, some 300,000 were sold for 4,000 US dollars each. GROWTH AND REUNIFICATION - 37 1989 The 1980’s and 1990’s are dominated by an ambivalent relationship with euphoria over technology from the past. 1990 Go Trabi Go: The first Trabants from East Berlin were enthusiastically welcomed in the city’s western part. Reunification is around the corner; Fraunhofer takes up residence in the new federal states at an early stage. Under the Maastricht Treaty, the European Union is founded as a high-order association for the Euro- pean communities. Initially, there were 12 states, today there are 27. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s commitment in Europe is diverse and constantly expanding. 1992 Tschernobyl and its consequences: The reactor disaster ignited new discussion about nuclear energy.

INNOVATION DRIVERS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION - 39 Consolidation and a sustained increase in economic earnings were once again on the agenda as Hans-Jürgen Warnecke took office as president of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Under his leadership, the profile of the organization was refined and the industrial revenues elevated to become the measurable performance indicator. The “Leitbild 2000” –– the guiding principles for the year 2000 –– described the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft as a powerful group of networked institutes with a consistent orientation to the market. And the foundation of Fraunhofer USA marked the beginning of the internationalization of the organization. “ Forschung für den Markt. Geschichte der Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft.” by Helmuth Trischler and Rüdiger vom Bruch. The two historians published this book on the history of the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft in 1999. It is “a critical review of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft from a historical perspective” rather than a commemorative publication. The historians spent three years re- searching the archives of ministries and the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. “This gave us an unparalleled density of tradition,” they wrote in the foreword. In October 1993, Hans-Jürgen Warnecke took over as the new president. With the end of Max Syrbe’s term, Minister of Research Heinz Riesenhuber called upon Hans-Jürgen Warnecke to fulfill the goal that Syrbe had no longer been able to fully realize – namely to increase industrial revenues to 33 percent in the short term. Warnecke, who had developed the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering IPA in Stuttgart into the largest and economically strongest institute of the Fraunhofer- Gesell schaft, was confident that he could do it. He set the target of increasing industral revenues to 34 percent by 1995 and those of the business-related institutes to as much as 40 percent. The ongoing debate with the Federal Minister of Scientific Research had, for one thing, finally come to an end while, in a consistent continuation of the Fraunhofer history, indus trial revenues were also chosen as the all-decisive evaluation criterion – because this performance indicator was precisely measur- able. From then on, the quota of industrial revenues in comparison to the overall budget became the dominant control element inside and outside of the or ga nization. But Heinz Riesenhuber was no longer able to claim all this as his success; he had, in the meantime, been replaced as Federal Research Minister. However, his successors continued to maintain the drastic austerity measures. Between 1995 and 1997, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s basic funding grew by a mere two percent, and by only three percent in 1998; in contrast, contract research showed annual growth rates of up to 9 percent. The funding gap kept getting larger. It is important to note here that sufficient preliminary research was, and is, essential for the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. It has always provided the organization with a great amount of freedom for scientific creativity and, with newly de- veloped technologies and processes, it has also enhanced Fraunhofer’s attractiveness in the business world. Nevertheless, the strong lag in basic financing threatened to whittle away the company’s future viability. Following the exceptional boom as a result of German reunification, the global economic crisis began to have a more severe effect on Germany. In this rapidly changing economic environment, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft began reorienting itself and, through intensive discourse with the insti- tutes, began developing a new guiding principle under the name “Leitbild 2000.” In this vision for the new millennium, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft defined itself as a high-performance group of networked institutes that work in a market and customer-oriented manner for national and international research and development markets. All this internal com- munication regarding the organization’s common goals led to a sense of common meaning and identity, the honing of the organization’s profile, and the creation of a new self-image. Since all decision-makers, right

INNOVATION DRIVERS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION - 41 In May 1997, six Fraunhofer Institutes joined forces to form the new Fraunhofer Group for Materials and Components. In the same year, the Fraunhofer Group for Production was founded. Joint marketing concepts and coordination of research strategies were at the forefront of their activities. In 2001, four Fraunhofer Institutes formed the Fraunhofer Group for Life Sciences. In addition, the central administration set up a wealth of internal funding programs to stimulate cooperation between the institutes: “Joint Studies”, “Economic Strategic Alliances” and “Demonstration Centers” were established. Cooperation with industry A study revealed that some 30,000 companies in Germany were them- selves involved in research and development (R & D). “We have there- fore only reached 10 percent of the market in terms of the number of customers, and still see considerable untapped potential,” stressed Warnecke, who wanted to position the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft as the central R & D department of the Federal Republic of Germany. “The aim is to achieve this potential through even more professional mar- keting and intensive acquisition as well as the constant adaptation of our competencies.” “ We must behave like a commercial enterprise and comply with the rules of a government agency under state supervision.” Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Warnecke Under the motto of “customer orientation,” the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft sought new opportunities for collaboration with the industry. The model of “research bridgeheads” was to bring industry directly to the institute. The steel company Thyssen, for example, wanted to make the key laser technology available to the entire group. For this purpose, the subsidiary Thyssen Lasertechnik set up its base at the Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology ILT in Aachen. The advantage of being able to share large- scale equipment and infrastructures played an important role in micro- electronics, where complex and expensive clean rooms are an issue. In Duisburg, for example, the Fraunhofer Institute for Microelectronic Circuits and Systems IMS started a collaboration with Elmos, and in Iztehoe the Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT set up its collaboration with the company TEMIC. In order to accelerate the transfer of knowledge to industry, special application centers were set up at universities of applied sciences in 1997. These branch labs of Fraunhofer Institutes were to open up new markets in the regional economy. Innovation research at the time pointed to a decisive gap in the transfer and innovation process. Many technical inno- vations failed to take the leap from research laboratory to market. Some laboratory prototypes were still too far short of the complex demands of serial production. The Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft recognized that this gap could be bridged by producing prototypes and small series and started to establish “innovation centers” as a pilot project. A dream comes true: The first energy self-sufficient solar house goes into operation. Thanks to solar technology and excellent insulation, the building engineered by the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE man- ages without an external energy supply. 1994

At the same time, to set up the leap across the Atlantic, a liaison office was created in Brussels to provide the institutes with greater support in the competition for European research funding. This was also intended to demonstrate the orientation of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft toward being a European research institution. In the beginning, internationalization was viewed critically, because the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was first and foremost intended to make the German economy more competitive. Under the pressure of accelerated globalization, however, policy makers as well as the industry soon recognized the advantages of an international presence and intensively supported the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Flexible adjustment of capacities The strict orientation of the Fraunhofer Institutes towards the market for contract research necessitated an adjustment of the institutes far removed from the market. In his statement, Warnecke clearly described the tightrope walked by the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft between its focus on future technologies and market ties: “On the one hand, it has to conduct future-oriented research, on the other hand, however, it is tied to the orders of industry and can only go as far ahead as the current research market permits.” Due to the interests and sensitivities of the federal states, closures were hardly feasible, so the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft increa- singly relied on the technical reorientation of its institutes. In contrast to the large research units, it demonstrated a high degree of flexibility and consistent adjustment of its capacities to technological developments. The Fraunhofer Institute for Atmospheric Environmental Research IFU, which carried out outstanding basic research but was unable to create demand on the industry side, was finally handed over to a more suitable body. The Fraunhofer model stimulated competition and forced constant evolution- ary adaptation to the market, which Warnecke intensively promoted. An especially effective incentive system proved to be one that particularly rewarded those institutions that achieved between 25 and 50 percent economic returns. It was with this dynamism that the institutes and research institutions es- tablished in the German federal states in the east following reunification were launched into the nationwide competition. After only a few years, all of them were made permanent; and it took only eight years for Fraun- hofer to end the formal distinction between institutes in the east and west because they had achieved the same financial structures with a high share of revenues. They had thus achieved what the economy in general was not able to do for a long time: bringing the new Ger- man federal states up to the level of the states in Western Germany and being able to assert themselves nationally and internationally. Consequently, fragments of a decaying research landscape in the east became efficient and competitive research institutions. INNOVATION DRIVERS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION - 43 1994 Fraunhofer USA Headquarters Fraunhofer USA was founded in 1994 in order to carry out research and development for customers from the industrial sector, the federal state governments and the federal govern- ment in the USA. The headquarters in Plymouth, Michigan, coordinates and supports broadscale activities. “ My goal was to generate around 40 percent of turnover from orders with industry. And that’s what the institutes have achieved.” Prof. Dr. Hans-Jürgen Warnecke

INNOVATION DRIVERS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION - 45 Dr. Dirk-Meints Polter Polter, who holds a doctorate in law, held various positions in the German Federal Ministry of Research, then served on the board of directors of Deutsches Elektronen-Synchroton (DESY). In 1989, he took over the position of Executive Director for Human Resources and Legal Affairs from his predecessor Eberhard Schlephorst where he stayed until 2008. He initiated the employee survey and dealt with the ongoing issue of perfor- mance-related remuneration and recruiting measures. He brought in his international experience and bundled the foreign activi- ties in his board division. New focus on information and communication technologies During the internal system evaluation in 1998, one of the recommenda- tions was to become more involved in information and communication technologies. Nevertheless, it came as a surprise to the general public, the research community, but also to the employees of the Fraunhofer- Gesellschaft and the GMD Information Technology Research Center, when Federal Minister for Education and Research, Edelgard Bulmahn, announced the merger of the two institutions in September 1999. It was “the biggest, but also the most controversial coup in the history of German science policy,” says historian Helmuth Trischler, assessing the integration of a large research institution into the Fraunhofer-Gesell schaft, which had been prepared by a few initiates. For many years, the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) had been looking to modify the orientation of the Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbei tung GMD (Group for Mathematics and Data Processing), which as founded in 1968. How ever, various restructuring measures had not achieved the desired success. The BMBF therefore believed that an association with the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft would release the synergies it had hoped for. The model for the merger, which was agreed between the BMBF State Secretary Uwe Thomas, the president of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft Hans-Jürgen Warnecke, the chairman of the Senate Horst Nasko and the chairman of the board of GMD Dennis Tsichritzis, provided for the organizational restructuring of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and its split into corporate divisions. Dennis Tsichritzis was to become vice president and head the new Information/Communication Division. In addition, the GMD institutes were not subject to the Fraunhofer model, but should receive up to 70 percent basic funding. Yet the agreements that had been negotiated informally by only a very small select group triggered an outcry and they were met with great resistance from those affected. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft fought to preserve their proven Fraunhofer model as a fundamental principle of fair resource allocation, the GMD for the further financing of its basic re- search. Only after two years and fierce debates was it possible to legally implement the “integration,” as Warnecke now called the result, which had initially been announced as a merger. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft neither changed the organizational structures nor the Fraunhofer model. The newly-formed Fraunhofer Information and Communication Technolo- gy Group, which comprised eight GMD institutes and six Fraunhofer Institutes, was the largest European research association in this field, but differed only slightly from the other institute groups. The research program known as “Living and Working in a Networked World” was primarily intended to support the former GMD institutes for a period of five years in order to enable the gradual creation of a contract research portfolio. Dennis Tsichritzis was accepted as a further member of the ex- ecutive board of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. In the end, Fraunhofer had succeeded in not diluting its profile, which had been laboriously fought for and was so successful, with a clear orientation towards the market.

INNOVATION DRIVERS AND INTERNATIONALIZATION - 47 1991 Tim Berners-Lee develops the funda men- tals of the World Wide Web at CERN. On August 6, 1991, the British physicist and computer scientist rolls out his Hypertext service project worldwide: The Internet, as we know it today, is born. The winds of change swept the 90’s, but few people could have predicted the profound trans for mation that the World Wide Web would bring. Dolly the cloned sheep: Dolly, the first sheep created through cloning, astonishes mankind and puts the global scientific community in turmoil. The animal, which died in 2003, can be seen today in the Royal Museum in Edinburgh. 1996 1998 New Labour: Just like Bill Clinton’s New Democrats in 1992 and Tony Blair’s New Labour in 1997, Gerhard Schröder’s “New Center” champions personal responsi- bility, pragmatism and pro-business policies. 1999 Total eclipse: The last solar eclipse of the century had some people storming opticians’ shops in the search for protective glasses. Others were happy to enjoy the rare astronomical event.

INNOVATION OFFENSIVE AND RESEARCH ON BEHALF OF THE FUTURE - 49 At the beginning of the new millennium, innovation became synonymous with the viability and future orientation of companies and industri- alized countries. This is when the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft seized the opportunity to continue presenting itself as a driver of innovation. Hans-Jörg Bullinger, the new Fraunhofer President, supported the “innovation offensive” of the German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder with a communication campaign. Key innovations and prospects for future markets showed where new opportunities of growth lay. Chancellor Merkel set a clear course with the “High-Tech Strategy for Germany”. “Professor Bullinger, let us get this innovation offensive going,” was how Chancellor Gerhard Schröder ended his presentation at the Fraunhofer Annual Conference in October 2003. Hans-Jörg Bullinger had thus achieved what he had demanded since taking office a year earlier: an innovation offensive to help the faltering German economy become more competitive again. “An exporting nation like Germany can only secure employment and prosperity if its products are competitive on world markets. It is not possible to win a price competition against countries such as Korea, Taiwan or Hungary,” he warned the guests from politics and industry. “And how should we justify our higher standard of living when we manufacture products that can be produced anywhere? There is only one alternative to this: constantly introducing new, better products to the market.” Already during the change of presidency in October 2002, the focus of the presentations was on the fascination of the new. Together, Warnecke and Bullinger presented their book “Kunst- stück Innovation” (The Feat of Innovation). After more than twenty years as director of the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Engineering IAO in Stuttgart, which he had spun off from Warnecke’s IPA in 1981, Bullinger was appointed president. In December 2003, Bullinger presented twelve lead innovations in cooper- ation with the journal “bild der wissenschaft” in order to give the topic of innovation new momentum. The lead innovations, which had been devel- oped in a Fraunhofer-wide ideas contest, were to use concrete examples in order to show where promising future potential for the German economy lay. This was the prelude to the Year of Technology in 2004, which was proclaimed by the German Federal Ministry of Edu cation and Research (BMBF). The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft assumed special responsibility and prepared a large event in Stuttgart. Gerhard Schröder kept his word and, already in January 2004, called together the leading representatives from science and industry – includ- ing Bullinger – to found the initiative “Partners for Innovation” in Berlin. It was the most comprehensive innovation initiative in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany to date and was intended to create a more innovative climate in Germany. Bullinger was the driving force behind the concept developed by Fraunhofer on behalf of the Federal Chancellery. In addition to the federal government, 17 top managers of large companies and research institutions became partners in the initiative. Fraunhofer played an active role from the very beginning and supported the establishment of the “Innovation Office” in Berlin. Tubulent times need creative minds.

INNOVATION OFFENSIVE AND RESEARCH ON BEHALF OF THE FUTURE - 51 2003 New technologies are established on the markets of the future. The Fraunhofer Institute for Reliability and Microintegration IZM plays a pioneering role in the Wearable Computing sector. Internal and external networking -– the next level Studies on the technological performance of the leading industrial countries showed that a country like the Federal Republic of Germany cannot comprehensively and simultaneously overcome all challenges in order to achieve leadership in all areas. “If we succeed in pooling our strengths and networking our competencies, we will be able to achieve the critical mass and clout necessary to keep up with international competition,” Bullinger had recognized. “However, we also need the declared will to stay ahead.” The right strategy was to “strengthen the strengths” – and this could best be achieved by networking existing capacities. With this goal in mind, Fraunhofer developed the concept of innovation clusters. The task of these clusters was to bundle the regional research and development resources of science and industry in order to drive innovation dynamics through concrete projects. The concept of the Fraunhofer innovation clusters proved to be extremely successful. The Joint Science Conference of the federal government and the fed- eral states wrote: “Currently, the 16 Fraunhofer Innovation Clusters are a model for success for forward-looking collaborations with industry and are the inspiration for the Leading-Edge Cluster Competition of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research”. Well prepared due to their own innovation clusters, the Fraunhofer Institutes succeeded in taking a leading role in five out of ten top clusters. It should be noted that internal networking had already reached a new level by the time Bullinger took office. And, nevertheless, the Fraunhofer Groups were further upgraded. The Articles of Association were amended and a new presidential council was introduced to support the executive board in the implementation of corporate policy. The presidential council consists of the members of the executive board and the group chairmen. The chair of the group are elected by the heads of the institutes of the respective group. At the moment, there are seven thematically oriented re- search groups: Materials and Components – MATERIALS; Microelectronics; ICT; Production; Life Sciences; Light & Surfaces; Defense and Security VVS. “Flexibility and responsiveness are the characteristics that are required in times of crisis,” Bullinger stressed, driving networking forward. While closely related institutes were organized within the groups, institutes with a variety of competencies were working together for a limited period of time as Fraunhofer Alliances, to develop or market a specific business area. Very quickly, a variety of alliances emerged, for example on traffic and transport, energy, lightweight design, adaptronics or ambient assisted living. This meant the urgent need of the industry to obtain system solutions from a single source could be fulfilled. “ The secret of success at Fraunhofer is, was and will continue to be its employees. They must find a corporate culture, a canon of values and career opportunities with us so that they can develop their full potential here.” Prof. Dr. Hans-Jörg Bullinger Cryo-preservation technology: With its laboratory technology, theranostics and bio-medical technology business areas, the Fraunhofer IBMT perceives itself as a technology and device developer in the service of its customers. 2005

INNOVATION OFFENSIVE AND RESEARCH ON BEHALF OF THE FUTURE - 53 Prof. (Univ. Stellenbosch) Dr. Alfred Gossner Alfred Gossner studied economics, econometrics and politics at the Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität in Munich and the University of Lancaster in UK. He also studied philosophy at the Munich School of Philosophy. In 1983, he received his doctorate in economics at the LMU. In 2002, after almost two decades of leadership activity in international management, of which he spent more than 16 years with the Allianz insurance group, he was appointed Chief Financial Officer of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. In 2010, he was promoted to Professor Extraordinary at the South African Uni- versity of Stellenbosch Business School. After 15 years as Chief Financial Officer, he retired at the end of 2017 to become president of the Munich Business School. In order to exploit the intellectual property of creative minds, it has to be protected. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft began patenting ideas and inventions at an early stage and for years has been one of the largest patent applicants in Germany. The term intellectual property (IP) – as in inventions, property rights and know-how – has meanwhile become a decisive competitive factor. Patents are not only exchanged and licensed, claims are also being made more frequently. The Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft has also had to review its IP strategy. So far, patents had mainly been used to attract industry. In the meantime, the aim was to build up a portfolio of intellectual property rights and to make the best possible use of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s own intellectual property. In several cases, the marketing of licenses also generated substantial revenues – for example, in the well-known case of mp3 technology. Its outstanding economic success enabled Fraunhofer to establish a future foundation with strong capital resources. Preliminary research was used to create new valuable patent clusters, the exploitation of which can generate new income. This opened the way to sustainable IP construction. Further training is one way of qualifying top talent. In the past, some Fraunhofer Institutes were already involved in the training of skilled workers. With the founding of the Fraunhofer Academy in 2006, the continuing education offerings were bundled and expanded under one roof. The offering is based on the research activities of the Fraunhofer Institutes in cooperation with selected and renowned partner universi- ties. The aim is to provide specialists and executives from business with the latest findings in science and research. This is because companies can only enter into new technologies if they receive freshly trained specialists who bring new skills with them and can use them. The ad- vanced training courses offered by the Fraunhofer Academy accelerated the transfer of technology to industry and, at the same time, laid the foundation for the participants’ careers. Meanwhile, the Fraunhofer- Ge sellschaft was voted as one of the most popular employers in several surveys. Nevertheless, due to declining student numbers, it became necessary to introduce special recruiting measures. In addition to its own events and campaigns, the campaigns by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research were supported to encourage more young people to study the MINT subjects of math- ematics, information tech nology, natural sciences and technology. The Fraunhofer Talent School succeeded in attracting young peo- ple to the institutes and awaking their enthusiasm for research and technology. The advanced trai- ning offered by the Fraunhofer Academy accelerates the transfer of techno- logy to the industry and provides a firm foothold for step- ping up the career ladder.

INNOVATION OFFENSIVE AND RESEARCH ON BEHALF OF THE FUTURE - 55 The 75 percent increase in the budget was also necessary if the EU was to achieve its goal of becoming “the most dynamic and competitive knowledge-based economy in the world.” As Fraunhofer’s presence grew in Brussels, so did their Europeanization efforts. For the first time, further representative offices were established across Europe – in Austria, Portugal and Italy. During the crisis years, the German government continuously increased its expenditure on education and research despite financial shortages. In 2012, Germany finally achieved its ambitious three-percent target. With the economic stimulus packages I and II, the German government tried to mitigate the financial crisis and overcome the recession. In Program I, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft was granted funds of 65 million euros for nu- merous investments with which the German economy could be supported quickly and sustainably. Every three years, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft continued a discussion to identify significant key topics that are of particular importance for securing the future of Germany as a business location. “We measure ourselves by market success, and that’s why we need to know what our customers expect from us tomorrow. We are used to identifying signals at an early stage, analyzing how they relate and developing strategies,” explained Bullinger. The “12 Frontline Themes” were followed by the “Perspectives for Future Markets”, then the “Fraunhofer Future Topics” and finally the “Markets Beyond Tomorrow”. Also, the large-scale Fraunhofer “Morgenstadt” initiative – the vision of a modern, environmentally and climate-friendly urban world – was born. Many Fraunhofer Institutes were able to bundle their competencies under this mission statement. With the Pact for Research and Innovation, the Federal Ministry of Edu- cation and Research (BMBF) had promised Fraunhofer an annual increase in basic funding of three percent. This provided planning security, but – as in the past – could not keep pace with the growth of contract research. Finally, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft had to implement the integration of another research organization in 2009. This FGAN Research Society for Applied Sciences was a community of three institutes for defense and security research. In contrast to the previous integration of the GMD, this integration went surprisingly well. The research institutes that were formerly purely defense related were pleased to offer their expertise to the civil contract research market as well. They also hoped to be- come connected to the extended research community through their links to universities. “ In the future, the institutes will need to operate more strongly under the Fraunhofer umbrella brand. We need to recognize that the Fraunhofer network is of great value and that the institutes are even stronger when they operate as a network.” Prof. Dr. Hans-Jörg Bullinger 2004 Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology ISIT: Automated proof of carcinogens or toxins.

INNOVATION OFFENSIVE AND RESEARCH ON BEHALF OF THE FUTURE - 57 2002 The euro is introduced as the common currency in 2002. In the same year, it receives the International Charlemagne Prize of Aachen in recognition of it “promoting identification with Europe like no other integration step before”. The noughties were a hope- ful decade, the zeitgeist imbued with a new currency, new media habits and a new president in the USA. 2007 On January 9, 2007, Steve Jobs presents the iPhone. Within just a few years, it revolutionizes our use of media. Mobile television is then also made possible – thanks to High Efficiency Video Coding, developed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz Institut, HHI. 2008 On November 4, 2008: Barack Obama, Democratic Party candidate, becomes the 44th President of the United States under the auspicious election slogan “Yes We Can.”

SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE AND SPRINGBOARD INNOVATIONS - 59 With the declared will to continue growth in a controlled and sustainable manner, Reimund Neugebauer took office as President of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. New collaboration concepts for high performance centers and systems research allowed him to increase both economic efficiency and scientific excellence. Neugebauer honed the profile of Fraunhofer as an innovation driver for strategic initiatives to solve future challenges. Like his predecessors, Reimund Neugebauer thought less about consoli- dation when he was elected Fraunhofer President. From a detailed analysis of all contracts at the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft, he found out where new growth needed to be generated: “85 percent of our clients account for only a quarter of our total contract value. We have too many small contracts.” That is why he saw “great development poten- tial where we not only supply relatively small detailed solutions but also offer system solutions together with several Fraunhofer Institutes and with research and industry partners”. With Reimund Neugebauer, the Fraunhofer Senate had once again elected a long-standing and very successful institute director as president. Neugebauer co-founded the Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU in Chemnitz in 1991 and developed it into a leading international partner for the automotive and mechanical engi- neering industries. When he took office as the tenth Fraunhofer President on October 1, 2012, he relied on successfully established principles, but also saw a need to further develop the Fraunhofer model. He recog- nized how to make better use of existing potentials in order to more frequent ly assume technological leadership. To this end, Fraunhofer was to strengthen business development above institute level and es- tablish a professional exploitation strategy. Not only was Neugebauer interested in greater efficiency through strategic focus, he was also interested in scientific excellence. His goal was to create a consistent strategy for sustainable growth. September 16, 2015 saw the “Virtual topping out ceremony” for the autartec®-FreiLichtHaus (floating house) at the premises of the Fraunhofer Institute for Transportation and Infrastructure Systems IVI. 2015 A global economy and global scientific community face daunting challenges. Fraunhofer employees rise to the occasion with qualifications steeped in internationally oriented research.

SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE AND SPRINGBOARD INNOVATIONS - 61 Taraxagum™ –- Tires from dandelion The “TaraxagumTM” project is all about the Russian dandelion. What’s so special about this plant? Its chyle contains large amounts of natural rubber. In just a few years, Prof. Dirk Prüfer, Professor at the University of Münster in North-Rhine Westphalia and departmental head at the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, and his team developed the Russian dandelion in collaboration with the plant cultivation company ESKUSA, Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH and the Julius Kühn Institute, transforming a wild plant into a useful plant. Its use as an alternative source of natural rubber has been trialed. In times of accelerated change, foresight through socio-economic research is becoming ever more important. The future can only be shaped if it is possible to identify even vague signals at an early stage. The eighth Fraunhofer Group was founded in 2017: With the Fraunhofer Group for Innovation Research, in which five Fraunhofer Institutes coordinate their work, all institutes are now organized in group networks. The institutes of the Group for Innovation Research are to become even more involved in policy consulting in the future. President Neugebauer set himself the goal of making consistent use of the advantages of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft – many competencies brought together under one roof. He therefore pushed the expansion of the Fraunhofer Alliances into industry-oriented and regionally-oriented acquisition platforms: “This can bring us large contracts and collabora - tions and make us systemically relevant for entire industries.” Professional exploitation -– valuable patent portfolios The resignation of executive vice president of research Ulrich Buller was used as a chance to realign the executive board members’ areas of responsibility. Research planning was assigned to the president. This opened up the opportunity to focus the fourth area of the executive board on the new spheres of Technology Marketing and Business Models. The new executive board area is now responsible for customer measures across the institutes. On the one hand, this entails the development of strategic partnerships with important companies; it also entails the devel- opment of systemically-relevant solutions for entire industries, which can only be mastered by involving several institutes. Depending on require- ments, the companies are supported with innovation consulting, feasibility studies, product and process development or training formats. As an important measure, a team of industry experts was put together. Its task is to determine the companies’ need for research and development services, initiate cross-institute projects and implement them together with the groups and alliances.

SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE AND SPRINGBOARD INNOVATIONS - 63 Prof. Dr. Alexander Kurz After studying law at the Universities of Regensburg and Tübingen in 1980, he received his doctorate in administrative sciences in 1993. Following his work at the Karlsruhe Research Center (FzK), CERN, the Society for Heavy Ion Research, he became a member of the board of directors at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in 2009 and executive vice president responsible for human resources, law and exploitation of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in 2011. High performance centers -– the locations are distinguishing themselves Positive experiences with the numerous regional innovation clusters led Neugebauer to develop a sustainable location model as a central structural element of technology transfer: regionally anchored, nation- al high-performance centers. They are intended to organize the close cooperation of university and non-university research with business and industry and to contribute to the profile building of the locations. Their task is to expand established cooperation with industry and to develop new, agile forms of collaboration which can then be used by all actors in the research and innovation system. For the pilot phase, five high-performance centers were founded with selected universities, for example, in Freiburg, on the subject of sustain- ability. Their financing is carried out in partnership between the Ger- man federal states, the industrial partners and Fraunhofer. The model of regional cooperation proved so successful that such high-performance centers now exist at 17 locations in eleven federal states. Neugebauer sees this as the basis for a Germany-wide transfer system. With these high-performance centers, Fraunhofer once again provided an exemplary model of regional profiling. The Hightech Forum, the advisory body of the federal government, recommended that “particularly power- ful innovation regions should be expanded into international centers of excellence modeled on the excellence cluster competition”. Lighthouse projects for technological breakthroughs The analysis of the innovation process revealed that the emergence of innovation is becoming increasingly cooperative and integrative. In par- ticular, consortia with numerous players are often involved in disruptive innovations that have revolutionized entire industries. As a result, net- working is becoming an even more important success factor than before. For this reason, Reimund Neugebauer began to elevate the collaboration between the institutes to a new level: “If we can use our entire portfolio as a synergetic feature in large constellations with global corporations, quantum leaps in key technologies relevant to the future would also be possible.” This ambitious goal was explicitly stated as a vision in the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s renewed mission statement: “As an innovation driver, we lead strategic initiatives to master future challenges and thus achieve technological breakthroughs.” In 2015, Fraunhofer initiated the “Industrial Data Space” initiative – now known as International Data Spaces – with the aim of creating a digital infrastructure based on European legal, security and data protec- tion standards. A secure data space is a prerequisite for smart services, innovative service offerings and automated business processes.

SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE AND SPRINGBOARD INNOVATIONS - 65 Neugebauer was therefore able to introduce the proposals immediately in Berlin. At the beginning of 2015, the High- tech Forum was established as the central advisory body for implementing the German government’s new high-tech strategy. The body was chaired by Reimund Neugebauer and Andreas Barner, President of the Stifterverband für die Deut- sche Wissenschaft (Donors’ association for the promotion of humanities and sciences in Germany). The body, with 18 further representatives from science, economy, politics and society, worked out strategic guidelines and priority areas of action for Germany in eight expert forums. In close partner- ship with the Stifterverband and other members, Fraunhofer was able to make a decisive contribution to innovation policy consulting in Germany in terms of topics and methods. The Chancellor, Angela Merkel, and other representatives of the federal government met twice a year on the subject of innovation with high-ranking representatives from science, industry and society to discuss effective framework condi- tions for research and innovation. The Fraunhofer President’s membership on the steering committee of the Innovation Dialog made it possible to participate in shaping the topics and content of the dialog and to utilize the direct exchange with political decision-makers. E3 -- industrial product rethought How is it possible to sustainably achieve maximum added value from minimum use of resources? 13 Fraunhofer Institutes have answered this question with an integrated E³ production concept. The three Es stand for efficient process and products, efficient factories and efficient working environments. Between 2013 and 2016, scientists developed integrated solutions for the widespread use of renewable energies in production, intelligent assistance systems, and also material-efficient and energy-efficient manufacturing processes. Many insights from the E³ lead project have been incorporated into follow-up projects, such as the SynErgie Kopernikus project, for example. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) Compressed video data are growing faster than ever before. They already make up by far the greatest pro- portion of bits on the Internet and in mobile data traffic. Moreover, the latest ultra-high resolution televisions use the fourfold full HD resolution 4K. This trend towards higher quality and higher resolution images and videos, however, is creating an ever-growing amount of data. Efficient transmission calls for increasingly better com- pression. The H.265/High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard offers a highly efficient compression solution. The standard was jointly developed by the Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich-Hertz Institut, HHI, and renowned manufacturers from the mobile radio and entertainment electronics sector and has been recognized by a Primetime Engineering Emmy Award.

SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE AND SPRINGBOARD INNOVATIONS - 67 production formats, and ways of working and living. Complementing the digital transformation, which is above all a networking and efficiency strategy, the biological transformation also identified by Neugebauer aims at the increasing use of materials, structures and principles of living nature in technology. The “biological transformation” of technology closely links processes in the life sciences with materials science, engineering and infor- mation technology. Agenda 2022 –- achieving more impact through excellence and synergy To meet the new challenges of digital transformation and globally net- worked value chains in the best possible way, the Fraunhofer executive board developed the “Agenda Fraunhofer 2022” as a comprehensive roadmap. It adopts the vision of Fraunhofer’s new guiding principles to consistently implement system-relevant initiatives for Germany as a business location and focuses on the fields of research, transfer, good corporate management and digitalization. “As a networked innovator with efficient research and transfer structures, we want to expand our unique selling points and thus increase our attractiveness for customers,” pointed out Neugebauer, explaining the reasons for the forward strategy. “We have greatly increasing complexity in the innovation process in order to achieve genuine disruptive innovations. And we face increasing com- petition in the German and European science systems. We are expected to provide solutions for entire industries and have an impact on society”. At the top of the agenda are the key strategic initiatives. They have the ambition to assume a strategic leadership role in important subject areas: battery cell production, biological transformation, cognitive systems/data sovereignty, public safety, programmable materials, quantum technology and translational medicine. These system-relevant topics, which can only be dealt with on a cross-in- stitute basis, are funded in the new Fraunhofer Clusters of Excellence on the one hand and in the lighthouse projects on the other. In particular, the Fraunhofer Clusters of Excellence are designed to be permanent. Organi- zationally, these research clusters correspond to a “virtual institute” that is spread over several locations. The aim is to play a leading role in import- ant research topics such as advanced photon sources, programmable ma- terials, immune-mediated diseases and the cognitive Internet. In contrast, the lighthouse projects are limited to two to three years. Each year, the executive board promotes three new lighthouse projects. In addition to this scientific profiling, regional profiling is at the heart of Agenda 2022. This has led to the creation of new project centers in which several institutes work together: in Wolfsburg for automobile production, in Erfurt for microelectronics, in Braunschweig for energy storage and in Würzburg for stem cell process technology. The 17 High-Performance Centers are to be developed into a transfer system for Germany in order to stimulate an innovation push. With Agenda 2022, Neugebauer aims to further increase Fraunhofer’s excellence and efficiency and make it more “athletic” with new structures. A decisive factor in this is the ever-increasing networking of the distrib- uted Fraunhofer competencies. “In recent years, we have moved into a completely new culture. Andreas Meuer Executive Vice President for Controlling and Digital Business Models, Andreas Meuer joined the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft in 1992 and has since held various senior roles. Most recently, he was Director of Finances, Accounting and Economic Planning. Among other things, he was res- ponsible for the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s financial volume of more than two billion euros, he further developed the annual financial statements and built up asset management. Andreas Meuer has been involved in internal digitalization projects from the very beginning, e.g. document management or the planning of corporate resources.

SCIENTIFIC EXCELLENCE AND SPRINGBOARD INNOVATIONS - 69 Developed originally for aerospace and automotive technology, 3D printers are conquering the mass market at an increasing pace. 2013 2014 Europe is evolving as new technologies make day-to-day life easier. As the recent past and present go to show, it harbors great potential. The future belongs to the bold. 2015 Our man in space: Geophysicist and astronaut Alexander Gerst takes off into space as the flight engineer on ISS Expeditions 40 and 41. 2018 Policies with prospects: German Chancellor Angela Merkel and US President Barack Obama at the G7 Summit in Elmau Castle. In November 2018, Brexit opponents protest against Prime Minister Theresa May’s policy.

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